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4. The term for evolution in which
natural selection is altered by
cultural inventions. Culture
alters the direction of evolution
by creating non-biological
adaptations to environmental
stresses (e.g., wearing insulating
clothes on very cold days). This
potentially reduces the need to
evolve genetic responses to the
stresses.
6. The name of a very early tool
tradition that involved the
presumed use of bones, teeth, and
horns as clubs and other sorts of
weapons by australopithecines and
early humans. This idea was
proposed in the 1940's by Raymond Dart but is rejected by most paleoanthropologists today.
9. A term for a climatic zone or
region in between subtropical and
subarctic zones. These areas
usually have winter snow and are
too cold to grow oranges and
avocados. New York and Seattle are
in this climatic zone.
10. A tool making technique in which a
brittle rock (e.g., obsidian,
flint, chert, and basalt) is
struck with a heavy glancing blow
from another dense rock (a
hammerstone) in order to cause a
flake to be removed. When a
sufficiently large shock wave from
a blow is directed into the target
rock, the elastic limit of the
material is exceeded which causes
one or more flakes to be broken
off.
12. A type of stone tool made from a
core or large flake that has been
systematically worked by
percussion flaking to an elongated
oval shape with one pointed end
and sharp edges on the sides. In
profile, it usually has a teardrop
or leaf shape. It is the most well
known type of tool in the
Acheulean Tool Tradition of Homo
erectus after about 1.5 million
years ago. Very likely, they were
multipurpose implements used for
light chopping of wood, digging up
roots and bulbs, butchering
animals, and cracking bones.
13. The generic term for a thing that
has been manufactured or
intentionally modified for some
use. A stone tool such as a hand
ax is an example as is the
computer that you are using.
14. The primary subsistence pattern of
the late australopithecines and
early transitional humans.
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1. The generic term for an artifact
made from a relatively thin piece
of rock knocked off of a larger
rock usually by percussion
flaking. Homo habilis and Homo
erectus used them mostly as
cutting and scraping tools.
2. A term referring to sources of
food and the way they are obtained
(e.g., scavenging and hunting).
3. The first hominid known to be able
to live in temperate zones in
addition to tropical and
subtropical ones.
5. The generic term for a tool made
from a relatively large block of
rock rather than from the flakes
that are removed from it by
percussion flaking in the
manufacturing process. Most hand
axes fit this definition.
7. The name of the first
unquestionable stone tool
tradition. They were probably
first made and used by early
transitional humans in East Africa
2.5-2.4 million years ago. While the
earliest sites with these tools
are from Ethiopia, simple tools of
this kind were first discovered by
Mary and Louis Leakey associated
with Homo habilis at Olduvai Gorge
in Tanzania. Subsequently, the
name of this tool tradition was
derived from that location.
8. The name of the most well known
stone tool making tradition of
Homo erectus. It first appeared
about 1.5 million years ago in
East Africa and eventually spread
throughout Africa, Southern
Europe, and South Asia. The most
diagnostic artifact in this
tradition is the hand ax.
11. The first species of humans for
which we have good evidence of
biocultural evolution. |
